ENGLISH LESSON 6 ABILITY VERBS(İngilizce Dersler 6)
28/11/2007 · Kategori: English Lesson
ABILITY VERBS
Can+ infinitive (without to )
be able to+infinitive
be capable of+ gerund
One ocasión in the past
managed + infinitive
succeded in+ gerund
I was capable of riding a bike when I was 3 years old
a) Can and be able to
Can and be able to are both used to express ability.
However can only has present tense (can) and past tense (could) forms. If another form of the verb is required be able to is used.
Present:
She can/ is able to speak three languages fluently
Past:
She could/ was able to read when she was two
Infinitive:
I'd like to be able to ski
Present perfect:
He's never been able to save money
Will/ future
She'll be able to drive to work when she passes her test
b) Present ability
We use can or be able to talk about present ability. Be able to is more formal than Can.
I can run faster than you
He is able to speak without moving his lips
The negative form of can is can't or cannot. To form the negative of be able to , not is used before able. You can also use be unable to.
I cannot understand why she married him
Many of my students aren't able to/are unable to pronounce the word “thaught” correctly.
Be capable of+gerund
Can also be used to express ability. It means to have the ability , capacity or potential to do something.
The team has some excellent players and is capable of wining the championship
The negative form be incapable of+ gerund can be used or not can be placed before capable.
She's incapable / isn't capable of looking after herself
c) Past ability
When we talk about general ability in the past both could/ and was/ were able to are possible.
She could sing really well when she was a child
My grandfather could play the trumpet when was 90.
Be capable of also can be used in the past.
Joe wasn't capable of making toast without burning it
Whe we talk about ability to do something on one ocasión in the past could is not possible, instead was/ were able to/ managed to+ infinitive, or succeded in+ gerund have to be used.
I managed to / was able to speak to Frank last night
Firefighters succeded in controlling the flames
However could can be used for ability on one ocasión when it is used with verb of the senses: see, smell, hear, feel, sense, taste.
I knew my wife had arrived, I could smell her perfume
When we talk about inability to do something on one ocasión in the past couldn't / weren't/ wasn't able to / didn't manage to and din't succeded in are all possible.
I couldn't do the homework, it was too dificult
I didn't manage / wasn't able to repair the washing machine
Lesson 5. reporter speech/ reporting verbs/ reporting questions&
25/11/2007 · Kategori: English Lesson
lesson 5. reporter speech/ reporting verbs/ reporting questions
REPORTER SPEECH
When we use reporter speech , changes may have to be made to verb tenses, pronoums and certain words indicating place and time.
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTER SPEECH
Present Simple Present Continuous
I work in an office He said he worked in an office
Present Continuos Past Continuos
We're going away on holiday She said they were going away
on holiday
Present Perfect Past Perfect
I've know her for a long time. He said he'd known her for a long time.
Present Perfect Continuos Past Perfect Continuos
He's been playing tennis, she said She said he'd been playing
tennis
Past Simple Past Perfect
I saw Nigel in town , he said He said that he had seen Nigel
in Town
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
We're trying to help him , she said She said they had been trying
to help him
The modal verbs will, must , and can , change to would, had to, might and could.
No changes:
Past Perfect
He had never spoken about it before, she said
She said he had never spoken about him before.
Modal Verbs: Would, might , could, should ought to .
You should go to the doctor's he said
He said I should go to the doctor's
If the statement being reported is still true.
I like fish , she said
She said she likes fish
If the reporting verbs is in present
It's 40º in Athens at the moment
Jeremy say it's 40º in Athens at the moment
Pronoums in direct speech may have to change when we use reported speech.
I'll see you soon said Peter
Peter said he would see me soon
The following changes may also need to be made to words indicating place and time.
Now Then
Today That day
This morning That morning
Tomorrow The next/ following day
Next week The next/ following week
Yesterday The day before/ the previous day
Two days ago Two days before/ earlier
Last Week The week before/ the previous week
Here There
Come Go
This, that, these and those may change to the.
That book you lent me is really boring, he said
He said the book I had lent him was really boring
REPORTING VERBS
Tell is used with a direct object
He told me (that) he was getting married
Say and Explain are used without a direct object
She said (that) she was ill (not she said me)
They can however be used with an indirect object
I explained to them (that) I'd left my passport at home (not I explained them)
Some reporting verbs can be used with an infinitive.
Verb+ object / pronoum + infinitive with to
Advise, ask, encourage, invite, order, persuade, recommend, remind, tell, urge, warn.
Don't forget to phone Jim, he told her
He remind her to phone Jim
Verb+ infinitive without to
Offer, promise, refuse, threaten.
I'll help you mend the car if you like
He offered to help me mend the car
The following patterns can be used after both recommend and suggest.
He recommend/ Suggest (that) I (should) eat less sugar
She recomended/Suggested joining a youth club
The infinitive with to can only be used after recommend.
REPORTING QUESTIONS
When we report questions we make the same changes to verb tenses, pronoums, and words indicating place and time as we do when we report statements. The following changes are also made:
Auxilary verbs:
Auxilary verbs, do, does, and did are omited
Word order:
Is the same as that of a statement
Punctuation:
Questions marks are not used
Yes/ No question:
If there is no question word ( what, where, who,etc) in the direct question we use if or whether.
Does she smoke?
He asked if/ whether she smoked
Ask
a) Requests (Ask+object+ infintive with to )
Can you help me , please?
He asked me to help me
b) Questions
Can you ride a horse?
She asked if I could ride a horse
Tell
a) Command ( Tell+object+ infinitive with to)
Put your coat on
She told him to put his coat on
b) Statement
I can't find my coat
He told her (that) he couldn't find his coat
English Lesson 4 SO, NEITHER, NOR (İngilizce Dersler 4)
25/11/2007 · Kategori: English Lesson
To indicte that we have same feelings with positive statements we use So, and for negative statements neither or nor.
I'm feeling tired.So am I (I'm feeling tired too)
I never read newspapers. Neither do I ( I don't read either)
You have to put so and neither at the begining of the sentence. The order of words after so and neither the verb is before the subject.
I passed the exam and so did Tom – Not Som Tom did
You can use nor instead of neither
I can't remember his name. Nor can I / neither can I
If we're agree with a positive statement we use so + auxiliary verb/ modal verb+ pronoum.
I like tea without sugar. So do I
To agree with a negative statement we use nor/neither+ auxiliary verb/ modal verb+ pronoum.
I don't like tea with sugar. Nor do I /neither do I
To disagree with a positive statement we use pronoum+auxiliar/modal verb+not(n't) .
I like tea with sugar. I don't
To disagree with a negative statement we use pronoum+ auxiliar/modal verb.
I don't like tea with sugar. I do
Complete each of the space below with so ,neither or nor and an appropiate auxiliary verb
He can't drive and ____________________
I'm older than Harry and _______________ is Ron
He never writtes to me and ____________________ Colin
Her parents are going to France , and ________ are mine
Seamus came to the party , and _______________ did Dean
I've already seen that film and _____________ has Neville
Hermione won't tell anyone and ___________________ I
I feel tired. ___________
I watched TV last night ____________
I won't be in London next week____________________
I live in a small town_____________
I'd like to go to the moon __________________
I can't play thetrumpet_______________________
English Lesson 3 (Passive)
24/11/2007 · Kategori: English Lesson
PASSIVE
Only verb with an object (transitive verbs) can be made passive.
They sent the letter. The letter was sent
They arrived late (cannot be made passive)
Verbs with both direct and indirect objects can be made passive in two ways.
They sent me the letter. The letter was sent to me / I was sent the letter
Some transitive verbs cannot be made passive in some uses. For example like and love
I like this place
Focus on important information
By placing the object at the begining of the sentence, the passive can change the focus of interest in a sentence
United were beaten by Arsenal
The passive is used in a variety of contexts . Notice how to agent (person who does the action) is unimportant, unknown or relear for the situation
Impersonal statement:
Students are asked not to smoke
When the agent is unknown
My bike has bee stolen ! / Someone/they have stolen my bike
When the agent is obvious
Mr. Jones will be arrested
How something was done
The box was opened with a knife
Reporting Verbs
The passive is often used with say, belive, know , understand, and similar verbs in reported speech to avoid an impersonal they or people
People say that John Wilson lives in N.Y
John Wilson is said to live in N.Y
Other verbs forms can also be reported in this way
They say John Wilson is travelling in Africa
John wilson is said to be travellin in Africa
People say John Wilson has arrived in Australia
John Wilson is said to have arrived in Australia
Have/Get something done
When someone does some work for us we can use have something done
Last Year I had new tiles put on the roof
I'm having my hair cut this afternoon
The same construction can describe bad luck caused by unspecified person :
Peter had his car stolen last week, and then he had his leg broken playing football
Using get can also suggest managing to do something difficult
It was difficult but we got the painting done in the end
Needs doing
This is an idiomatic way of expressing a pasive sentence where a thing or person needs some kind of action.
The floor is fifthy . It's needs to be cleaned
The floor is fifthy. It needs cleaning
Verbs and prepositions
The preposition stays with the verb in a passive sentence.
People shouted at the Prime Minister during his speech.
The Prime Minister was shouted at during his speech.
Other problems
Be born is a passive form but does not work, have an obvious passive meaning .
I was born near Kyoto
Make ( when meaning force) is followed by to in the passive
They made David work hard
David was made to work hard
Because the agent is unimportant , unknown or obvious it is often not included. If we want to say who does the action, we use by.
This letter was delivered this morning
This letter was deliverd this morning by courier
We use an active verb to say what does the subject does
My grandfatehr was a builder. He built this house in 1930
It's a big company . It employs two hundred people
The passive is be ( is , was, have been ,etc) + past participle
Present simple
Active : clean (s)
Passive : am, is , are cleaned
Somebody cleans this room every day
This room is cleaned every day
Past simple
Active: Cleaned
Passive : was / were cleaned
Somebody cleaned this room yesterday
This room was cleaned yesterday
Infinitive
Active :To clean
Passive : to be cleaned
Somebody will clean the room later
The room will be cleaned later
Present Perfect
Active: have / has cleaned
Passive: have/ have been cleaned
The room looks nice. Somebody has cleaned it
The room looks nice. It has been cleaned
Past Perfect
Active: had cleaned
Passive: Had been cleaned
The room looked nice. Somebody had cleaned it
The room looked nice. It had been cleaned
Present Continuous
Active: Am/ is/ are cleaning
Passive: Am/ is/ are being cleaning
Somebody is cleaning the room at the moment
The room is being cleaning at the moment
Past Continuous
Active: Was/ were cleaning
Passive: Was/ were being cleaned
Somebody was cleaning the room when I arrived
The room was being cleaned when I arrived
Some verbs can have two objects.
We gave the police the information = we gave the information to the police.
So it's possible to make two passive sentences
The police were given the information or the information was given to the police
Other verbs that can have two objects are : ask, offer, pay, show, teach, tell
When we use these verbs in the passive , most often we begin with the person
I was offered the job but I refused it (they offered me the job)
Have you been shown the new machine? Has anybody shown you ?
The passive of doing/ seeing is being/done, being seen, etc
Active: I dont like people telling me what to do
Passive: I don't like being told what to do
Sometimes you can use Get instead of be in the passive
There was a fight at the party but nobody got hurt
I'm surprised Anna didn't get offered the job
You can use get to say that something happens to somebody or something specially if this unplanned or unexpected.
Our dog got run over by a car
You can use get only when things happen or change. You can't use get in this sentence
He was a mystery man. Nothing was known about him (not got known
English Lesson 2(Conditional)
23/11/2007 · Kategori: English Lesson
0 conditional
If+ present simple or imperative
We use the 0 conditional to talk about situations wich are always true. It has the same meaning as when, whenever, or every time in such sentences
Every day situations
My eyes hurt if I spend too long on the computer
Scientifics parts
If you mix blue and yelow, you get green
Instructions if+ imperative
If you don't know the answer make an intellegent guess
1st Conditional
If+ present simple, will+ infinitive without to
Use: to describe what may possible happen
A first conditional describes a real or likely situation. A present tense is used after if but the times refered to is the future. Will/ won't are common in the result clause.
If you fall , I won't be able to catch you!
This means that there's a real possibility this will happen.
Going to can be used instead of will.
If it rains we're going to get wet
The modal verb can is also common in first conditional sentences.
If the cases are too heavy. I can help you carry them
Unless, provide, as long as.
Unless-if not
Unless you leave at once, I'll call the police
If you don't leave at once, I'll call the police.
Provided – On the condition that
Provided you leave now, you will cath the train
With the imperative.
It's common to use the imperative instead of if.
Get me some cigarretes and I'll pay you later.
With should
We can use should instead of if in a conditional sentence. It means if by any chance... and makes the action less likely .
Should you see John, can you give him a message?
When
We use when for things wich are sure to happen.
I'm going shopping this afternoon. When I go shopping I'll buy some food.
2nd Conditional
If+ past simple, would+ infinitive without to
A second conditional describes an unreal or imaginary situation.
If you fell, you would hurt yourself
This means that there's a small possibility that this will happen . The situation and its result are imagined.
The modal verbs might and could are common in 2nd conditional.
If you became a millionary you might be unhappy
Were
Were is often used instead of wsain formal language.
If I were taller , I'd join the basket ball team
Were to
Were to is an another way of expressing
If they were to offer me the job , Id' turn it down
3rd conditional
If+ past perfect , would/ might/ could have + past participle
With if:
A third conditional describes an unreal or imaginary situation in the past .
If John had studied more, he would have got better marks
This means that John didn't study more. A past situations , different to the one that really happened is imagined.
The modal verbs might and could are common in this kind of sentences.
If you had tried harder , you might have succeeded
Mixed conditional
If+ past perfect, would+ infinitive without to
Combination of a second and third conditional. They can express an imaginary past event and a possible o probable present result.
If you had listened to my advice , you would not be in this situation now
English Lesson 1 (Modal Verbs)
18/11/2007 · Kategori: English Lesson
1. LESSON
Today we will learn modal verb present and past
I will send you exercices, and at the end a short review of modal verbs that you can consult.
Modal verbs:
- AbIlIty - Can and be able to .
Can like all modal verbs cannot be used in an infinitive or continuous form. We use be able to in situation where we need this forms. (Bütün modal verb'ler gibi mastar ve sürekli form burada da kullanılamaz. Bu durumda "be able to" yapısı kullanılır.)
Ex. I 'd like to be able to swim . Not being able to swim is annoying
that can , is only in present and in past ( could ), if you can't use can in other forms, you have to use be able . you can't say you will can see the mountains.
I have to use "to" or not ?
Yes. You have to use
Ex. I will be able to run
- Certainty and uncertainty- Must and Can’t
These words have a meaning relating to certainty . They're used to make deductions . This is when we're sure or almost sure about something because it is logical. This usage is specially common with the verb BE
Ex. You must be tired after your long journey ( I'm sure you're)
That Can't be Sue. She's in Brazil (I'm sure it's not possible)
- May/Might and Could
This words allow express uncertainty or possibility . Could is not used with Not in this context.
Ex. I might go out. I don't know.
This possibility or permission ?
Means perhaps , maybe .
- should and ought to
These words are both used for obligation, but they have also the meaning related to certainty They're used when we expect that something will happen .
Ex. Brenda Should be home by now (I expect that she is)
OBLIGATION
- Must and Have to .
Must is used when the speaker personally feels something is important and Have to, is used when the situation make something necessary.
Ex. You must start working harder
You have to turn left here (is the law)
- MUSN'T AND DON'T HAVE TO
Musn't describes something wich is prohibited, Don't have to describes something wich is not necessary .
Ex. You mustn't leave now (is not allowed)
You don't have to leave now ( it's not necesary, you have a choice )
- SHOULD AND OUGHT TO
These words have the same meaning , They're used to say what is the bes thing to do,They can be used to give some advice an opinion, instrucctions , etc
We should do something different for our holidays this year
I think you should see a doctor. You ought not to smoke if you 're pregnant.
- HAD BETTER
This phrase gives strong advice about how to stop something going wrong. It can refer present or future.
Ex. I think you had better leave now. You had better not drive .
second part
MODAL VERB PAST
- Ability- Could and Was able to
To talk about general past ability we use could .
EX. When I was youngI could run very fast
To talk about one specific past action we use was able to
This is generaly or for a time ?
For a time, specific you have to use was able to
Like this example. Luckily Mary was able to help us .
- MUST HAVE AND CAN'T HAVE
These are used to make logical deductions about past actions.
Ex. I must have left my wallet in the car (I'm sure I did )
Jim can't have noticed you (I'm sure he didn't )
- MAY HAVE, MIGHT HAVE AND COULD HAVE
These express possibility or uncertainty about past actions
Jean Might have missed the train (perhaps she did )
He may not have recived the letter (perhaps he didn't )
You could have been killed (it was a possiblity )
Might and may are so similar, maybe first is may and after is might and could is a possibilty .
Might is when is lower probability .
- WAS / WERE TO HAVE
This describes something wich was suposed to happen, but didn't it is formal in use.
He was to have left yesterday - this means, he was supposed to leave but he didn't )
MODAL PAST VERB- IN OBLIGATION
- HAD TO
Must has not past form. So we used had to
Ex. Sorry I'm late . I had to take the children to school
The question form is Did you have to ? - Did you have to work yesterday ?
- SHOULD HAVE/ OUGHT TO HAVE
These express the feeling that a mistake was made. There is a criticism.
Ex. I should have posted this letter yesterday. (I didn't do the right thing)
You shouldn't have told me the answer (you were wrong to do so )
- NEEDN'T AND DIDN'T HAVE TO
This is past necessity
- needn't have + past partIcIple
Is used to talk about an action wich is unnecesary
Ex. I needn't have (done) something
This means I did something but now I know that it was not necessary
ex. I needn't have prepared so much food for the party ( and I prepared a lot)
- DIdn't need to + InfInItIve
Is used to talk about an action
I didn't need to..- means it was not necessary for me to do , and I knew this at the time, and I didn't
Ex. I didn't need to get up earlier- so I didn't
:: Sonraki »
